Redundancy of network services in restricted networks

ABSTRACT

Methods, systems, and devices are described for managing virtual network services provided to a network. Network services may be provided to a client network having a first network fabric at a self-contained network services system implementing a number of redundant instances of a network service application. The self-contained network services system may have a second network fabric. The second network fabric may be adapted to distribute network service tasks received from the client network which are associated with the network service application among the redundant instances of the network service application.

CROSS-REFERENCE

The present application is a continuation of U.S. patent applicationSer. No. 13/745,074, entitled “REDUNDANCY OF NETWORK SERVICES INRESTRICTED NETWORKS,” which was filed Jan. 18, 2013; which claimspriority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 61/587,898,entitled “VIRTUAL NETWORK SERVICES,” which was filed on Jan. 18, 2012the entirety of each is incorporated by reference herein for allpurposes.

BACKGROUND

Aspects of the invention relate to computer networks, and moreparticularly, providing dynamically configurable high-speed networkservices for a network of computing devices. Organizations often usemultiple computing devices. These computing devices may communicate witheach other over a network, such as a local area network or the Internet.

In such networks, it may be desirable to provide various types ofnetwork services. Examples of such network services include, amongothers, firewalls, load balancers, storage accelerators, and encryptionservices. These services may help ensure the integrity of data providedover the network, optimize connection speeds and resource utilization,and generally make the network more reliable and secure. For example, afirewall typically creates a logical barrier to prevent unauthorizedtraffic from entering or leaving the network, and an encryption servicemay protect private data from unauthorized recipients. A load balancermay distribute a workload across multiple redundant computers in thenetwork, and a storage accelerator may increase the efficiency of dataretrieval and storage.

These network services can be complicated to implement, particularly innetworks that handle a large amount of network traffic. Often suchnetworks rely on special-purpose hardware appliances to provide networkservices. However, special-purpose hardware appliances can be quiteexpensive. Moreover, special-purpose hardware appliances may bedifficult to maintain, and be inflexible with regard to the typical ebband flow of demand for specific network services. Thus, there may be aneed in the art for novel system architectures to address one or more ofthese issues.

SUMMARY

Methods, systems, and devices are described for implementing andmanaging virtual network services using a self-contained networkservices system. The self-contained network services system may includea number of network services modules for providing one or more networkservices. Each network service module may be implemented by at least oneserver, server blade, or other dynamically configurable computingdevices executing instances of network service applications to provide adynamically configurable set of network services.

In a first set of illustrative embodiments, method of managing networkservices may include: providing network services to a client networkcomprising a first network fabric at a self-contained network servicessystem implementing a number of redundant instances of a network serviceapplication, the self-contained network services system having a secondnetwork fabric; and adapting the second network fabric to distributenetwork service tasks received from the client network which areassociated with the network service application among the redundantinstances of the network service application.

In a second set of illustrative embodiments, a self-contained networkservices system may include multiple network service modules configuredto implement a number of redundant instances of a network serviceapplication associated with providing network services to a clientnetwork having a first network fabric. The network service modules maybe communicatively coupled with each other through a second networkfabric. At least one of the network service modules may include anetwork service task distribution module operative to adapt the secondnetwork fabric to distribute network service tasks received from theclient network which are associated with the network service applicationamong the redundant instances of the network service application.

In a third set of example embodiments, a computer program product formanaging network socket services may include a tangible computerreadable storage device having a plurality of computer readableinstructions stored thereon. The computer-readable instructions mayinclude: computer-readable instructions configured to cause at least oneprocessor to provide network services to a client network having a firstnetwork fabric at a self-contained network services system implementinga number of redundant instances of a network service application, theself-contained network services system having a second network fabric;and computer-readable instructions configured to cause the at least oneprocessor to adapt the second network fabric to distribute networkservice tasks received from the client network which are associated withthe network service application among the redundant instances of thenetwork service application.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

A further understanding of the nature and advantages of the presentinvention may be realized by reference to the following drawings. In theappended figures, similar components or features may have the samereference label. Further, various components of the same type may bedistinguished by following the reference label by a dash and a secondlabel that distinguishes among the similar components. If only the firstreference label is used in the specification, the description isapplicable to any one of the similar components having the same firstreference label irrespective of the second reference label.

FIG. 1 is a block diagram of an example system including componentsconfigured according to various embodiments of the invention.

FIG. 2A and FIG. 2B are block diagrams of examples of a self-containednetwork services system configured according to various embodiments ofthe invention.

FIG. 3A and FIG. 3B are block diagrams of examples of a network servicesmodule including components configured according to various embodimentsof the invention.

FIG. 4 is a block diagram of an example of a network services operatingsystem architecture according to various embodiments of the invention.

FIG. 5 is a block diagram of an example of a balanced network stackaccess scheme in a network services operating system according tovarious embodiments of the invention.

FIG. 6A is a block diagram of an example of a balanced threaddistribution scheme in a network services operating system according tovarious embodiments of the invention.

FIG. 6B is a block diagram of an example of a balanced threaddistribution scheme in a network services operating system according tovarious embodiments of the invention.

FIG. 7 is a block diagram of an example of a self-contained networkservices system including components configured according to variousembodiments of the invention.

FIG. 8 is a block diagram of an example of a network services moduleincluding components configured according to various embodiments of theinvention.

FIG. 9 is a flowchart diagram of an example of a method of managingnetwork services according to various embodiments of the invention.

FIG. 10 is a flowchart diagram of another example of a method ofmanaging network services according to various embodiments of theinvention.

FIG. 11A is a block diagram of an example of a self-contained networkservices system including components configured according to variousembodiments of the invention.

FIG. 11B is a block diagram of an example of a self-contained networkservices system including components configured according to variousembodiments of the invention.

FIG. 12 is a flowchart diagram of an example of a method of managing aself-contained network services system according to various embodimentsof the invention.

FIG. 13A is a block diagram of an example of a network services moduleincluding components configured according to various embodiments of theinvention.

FIG. 13B is a block diagram of an example of a self-contained networkservices system including components configured according to variousembodiments of the invention.

FIG. 14 is a block diagram of an example of a network services moduleincluding components configured according to various embodiments of theinvention.

FIG. 15 is a flowchart diagram of an example of a method of managing aself-contained network services system according to various embodimentsof the invention.

FIG. 16A is a flowchart diagram of an example of a method of managing aself-contained network services system according to various embodimentsof the invention.

FIG. 16B is a flowchart diagram of an example of a method of managing aself-contained network services system according to various embodimentsof the invention.

FIG. 17 is a block diagram of an example of a self-contained networkservices system including components configured according to variousembodiments of the invention.

FIG. 18 is a block diagram of an example of a network services moduleincluding components configured according to various embodiments of theinvention.

FIG. 19 is a flowchart diagram of an example of a method of managing aself-contained network services system according to various embodimentsof the invention.

FIG. 20 is a flowchart diagram of an example of a method of managing aself-contained network services system according to various embodimentsof the invention.

FIG. 21 is a block diagram of an example of a self-contained networkservices system including components configured according to variousembodiments of the invention.

FIG. 22 is a flowchart diagram of an example of a method of managing aself-contained network services system according to various embodimentsof the invention.

FIG. 23 is a flowchart diagram of an example of a method of managing aself-contained network services system according to various embodimentsof the invention.

FIG. 24 is a schematic diagram that illustrates a representative devicestructure that may be used in various embodiments of the presentinvention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

Methods, systems, and devices are described for implementing virtualnetwork services using a self-contained network services system. Theself-contained network services system may include a number of servers,server blades, or other dynamically configurable computing devices whichexecute a number of instances of network service applications to providea dynamically configurable set of network services. Each server or othercomputer device contained within the self-contained network servicessystem shall be referred to as a network services module, and mayprovide one or more network services. At least one network servicesmodule in the self-contained network services system may be configuredto execute a controller application that manages the softwareconfiguration of other network services modules.

The controller application may receive requests for changes in networkservices, determine new software configurations for one or more of thenetwork service modules based on the received request, and dynamicallyconfigure the network service modules according to the new softwareconfiguration, and reconfigure the network and a router associated withthe network services system to distribute traffic among the networkservice modules in accordance with the requested change in networkservices.

The network service application instances may exchange state informationthrough mutual access to a shared database. Faulty network serviceapplication instances may be isolated and restarted or replaced based onthe state information in the shared database. A router or otherforwarding device in the self-contained network services system maydistribute tasks among network service application instances allocatedto various network services modules. Where redundant instances of thesame network service application are running, the router or otherforwarding device may distribute network traffic associated with thenetwork service application among the redundant instances. Servers mayuse a number of discovery mechanisms, including new or repurposedrouting protocols, to identify and join existing self-contained networkservices systems in the network and become a network services module.

This description provides examples, and is not intended to limit thescope, applicability or configuration of the invention. Rather, theensuing description will provide those skilled in the art with anenabling description for implementing embodiments of the invention.Various changes may be made in the function and arrangement of elements.

Thus, various embodiments may omit, substitute, or add variousprocedures or components as appropriate. For instance, it should beappreciated that the methods may be performed in an order different thanthat described, and that various steps may be added, omitted orcombined. Also, aspects and elements described with respect to certainembodiments may be combined in various other embodiments. It should alsobe appreciated that the following systems, methods, devices, andsoftware may individually or collectively be components of a largersystem, wherein other procedures may take precedence over or otherwisemodify their application.

As used in the present specification and in the appended claims, theterm “network socket” or “socket” refers to an endpoint of aninter-process communication flow across a computer network. Networksockets may rely on a transport-layer protocol (e.g., TransmissionControl Protocol (TCP), User Datagram Protocol (UDP), etc.) to transportpackets of a network layer protocol (e.g., Internet Protocol (IP), etc.)between two applications.

Systems, devices, methods, and software are described for providingdynamically configurable network services at high-speeds using commodityhardware. In one set of embodiments, shown in FIG. 1, a system 100includes client devices 105 (e.g., desktop computer 105-a, mobile device105-b, portable computer 105-c, or other computing devices), a network110, and a datacenter 115. Each of these components may be incommunication with each other, directly or indirectly.

The datacenter 115 may include a router 120, one or more switches 125, anumber of servers 130, and a number of data stores 140. For the purposesof the present disclosure, the term “server” may be used to refer tohardware servers and virtual servers. Additionally, the term “switch”may be used to refer to hardware switches, virtual switches implementedby software, and virtual switches implemented at the network interfacelevel. In certain examples, the data stores 140 may include arrays ofmachine-readable physical data storage. For example, data stores 140 mayinclude one or more arrays of magnetic or solid-state hard drives, suchas one or more Redundant Array of Independent Disk (RAID) arrays.

The datacenter 115 may be configured to receive and respond to requestsfrom the client devices 105 over the network 110. The network 110 mayinclude a Wide Area Network (WAN), such as the Internet, a Local AreaNetwork (LAN), or any combination of WANs and LANs. Each request from aclient device 105 for data from the datacenter 115 may be transmitted asone or more packets directed to a network address (e.g., an InternetProtocol (IP) address) associated with the datacenter 115. Using thenetwork address, the request may be routed over the network 110 to thedatacenter 115, where the request may be received by router 120.

Each request received by router 120 may be directed over the switches125 to one of the servers 130 in the server bank for processing.Processing the request may include interpreting and servicing therequest. For example, if the request from the client device 105 is forcertain data stored in the data stores 140, interpreting the request mayinclude one of the servers 130 identifying the data requested by theclient device 105, and servicing the request may include the server 130formulating an instruction for retrieving the requested data from thedata stores 140.

This instruction may be directed over one or more of the switches 125 toa data store 140, which may retrieve the requested data. In certainexamples, the request may be routed to a specific data store 140 basedon the data requested. Additionally or alternatively, the data stores140 may store data redundantly, and the request may be routed to aspecific data store 140 based on a load balancing or otherfunctionality.

Once the data store 140 retrieves the requested data, the switches 125may direct the requested data retrieved by the data store 140 back toone of the servers 130, which may assemble the requested data into oneor more packets addressed to the requesting client device 105. Thepacket(s) may then be directed over the first set of switches 125 torouter 120, which transmits the packet(s) to the requesting clientdevice 105 over the network 110.

In certain examples, the datacenter 115 may implement the back end of aweb site. In these examples, the data stores 140 may store HypertextTransfer Markup Language (HTML) documents related to various componentweb pages of the web site, in addition to data (e.g., images, metadata,media files, style sheets, plug-in data, and the like) embedded in orotherwise associated with the web pages. When a user of one of theclient devices 105 attempts to visit a web page of the website, theclient device 105 may contact a Domain Name Server (DNS) to look up theIP address associated with a domain name of the website. The IP addressmay be the IP address of the datacenter 115. The client device 105 maythen transmit a request for the web page to the datacenter 115 andreceive the web page in the aforementioned manner.

Datacenters 115 and other network systems may be equipped to handlelarge quantities of network traffic. To effectively service thistraffic, it may be desirable to provide certain network services, suchas firewall services, security services, load balancing services, andstorage accelerator services. Firewall services provide logical barriersto certain types of unauthorized network traffic according to a set ofrules. Security services may implement encryption, decryption,signature, and/or certificate functions to prevent unauthorized entitiesfrom viewing network traffic. Load balancing services may distributeincoming network traffic among the servers 130 to maximize theproductivity and efficiency. Storage accelerator services distributerequests for data among data stores 140 and cache recently or frequentlyrequested data for prompt retrieval.

In some datacenters, these network services may be provided usingspecial purpose hardware appliances. For example, in some datacenterssimilar in scope to datacenter 115, a special-purpose firewall applianceand a special-purpose security appliance may be placed in-line betweenthe router and the first set of switches. Additionally, aspecial-purpose load balancing appliance may be placed between the firstset of switches and the servers, and a special-purpose storageaccelerator appliance may be placed between the second set of switchesand the data stores.

However, the use of special-purpose hardware appliances for networkservices may be undesirable for a number of reasons. Somespecial-purpose hardware appliances may be expensive, and can costingorders of magnitude more than commodity servers. Special purposehardware appliances may also be difficult to manage, and may be unableto dynamically adapt to changing network environments. Moreover,special-purpose hardware appliances often may be unable to leverage thecontinuously emerging optimizations for commodity server architectures.

The datacenter 115 of FIG. 1 may avoid one or more of the aforementioneddisadvantages associated with special-purpose hardware appliancesthrough the use of a block of commodity or general-purpose servers 130that can be programmed to act as dynamically configurable networkservices modules 135. The network services modules 135 collectivelyfunction as a self-contained network services system 145 by executingspecial-purpose software installed on the servers 130 in the dedicatedblock. For purposes of the present disclosure, the term “self-contained”refers to the autonomy of the network services system 145 implemented bythe network services modules 135. Each of the network services modules135 in the self-contained network services system 145 may be programmedwith special-purpose network services code which, when executed by thenetwork services modules 135, causes the network services modules 135 toimplement network services. It should be understood that the servers 130implementing the network services modules 135 in the self-containednetwork services system 145 are not limited to network servicesfunctionality. Rather, the servers 130 implementing the network servicesmodules 135 in the network services system 145 may also execute otherapplications that are not directly related to the self-contained networkservices system 145.

Use of commodity servers 130 in the datacenter 115 may allow for elasticscalability of network services. Network services may be dynamicallyadded, removed, or modified in the datacenter 115 by reprogramming oneor more of the network services modules 135 in the self-containednetwork services system 145 with different configurations ofspecial-purpose code according to the changing needs of the datacenter115.

Furthermore, because the network services are provided by programmingcommodity servers with special-purpose code, some of the servers 130 inthe server bank of the datacenter 115 may be allocated to theself-contained network services system 145 and configured to function asvirtual network services modules 135. Thus, in certain examples, thenumber of servers 130 allocated to the self-contained network servicessystem 145 may grow as the datacenter 115 experiences increased demandfor network services. Conversely, as demand for network services wanes,the number of servers 130 allocated to the self-contained networkservices system 145 may shrink to more efficiently use the processingresources of the datacenter 115.

The self-contained network services system 145 may be dynamicallyconfigurable. In some embodiments, the type and scope of networkservices provided by the network services system 145 may be modifiedon-demand by a datacenter administrator or other authorized individual.This reconfiguration may be accomplished by interacting with a networkservices controller application using a Graphical User Interface (GUI)or Command Line Interface (CLI) over the network (110) or by logginginto one of the network services modules 135 locally.

The configuration of the network services system 145 may be quiteadaptable. As described above, network services applications may bedynamically loaded and removed from individual network services modules135 to add or remove different types of network services functionality.Beyond the selection of which network services applications to execute,other aspects of the network services system 145 operations may becustomized to suit a particular set of network services needs.

One such customizable aspect is the computing environment (e.g.,dedicated hardware, virtual machine within a hypervisor, virtual machinewithin an operating system) in which a particular network servicesapplication is executed. Other customizable aspects of the networkservices system 145 may include the number of network servicesapplications executed by each instance of an operating system, thenumber of virtual machines (if any) implemented by the network servicesmodules 135, the total number of instances of each network servicesapplication to be executed concurrently, and the like. In certainexamples, one or more of these aspects may be statically defined for thenetwork services system 145. Additionally or alternatively, one or moreof these aspects may be dynamically adjusted (e.g., using a rules engineand/or in response to dynamic input from an administrator) in real-timeto adapt to changing demand for network services.

Each of the servers 130 implementing a network services module 135 mayfunction as a virtual network appliance in the self-contained networkservices system 145 and interact with other components of the datacenter115 over the one or more switches 125. For example, one or more networkservices modules 135 may function as a firewall by receiving all packetsarriving at the router 120 over the one or more switches 125, applyingone or more packet filtering rules to the incoming packets, anddirecting approved packets to a handling server 130 over the one or moreswitches 125. Similarly, one or more network services modules 135 mayfunction as a storage accelerator by receiving data storage commandsover the one or more switches 125.

Thus, because the network services can be performed directly from theserver bank through the use of switches 125 there is no need tophysically reconfigure the datacenter 115 when network services areadded, modified, or removed.

FIGS. 2A and 2B show two separate examples of configurations of networkservices modules 135 as network services appliances in self-containednetwork services systems 145 (e.g., the self-contained network servicessystem 145 of FIG. 1).

FIG. 2A shows a self-contained network services system 145-a thatincludes four commodity servers which are specially programmed tofunction as network services modules 135. The self-contained networkservices system 145-a and network services modules 135 may be examplesof the self-contained network services system 145 and network servicesmodules 135 described above with reference to FIG. 1.

The network services implemented by each network services module 135 aredetermined by special-purpose applications executed by the networkservices modules 135. In the present example, network services module135-a has been programmed to execute a firewall application 210 toimplement a firewall appliance. Network services module 135-b has beenprogrammed to execute a load balancing application 215 to implement aload balancer appliance. Network services module 135-c has beenprogrammed to execute a storage accelerator application 220 to implementa storage accelerator appliance. Network services module 135-d has beenprogrammed to execute a security application 225 to implement a securityappliance. It should be recognized that in certain examples, multipleinstances of the same network services application may be executed bythe same or different network services modules 135 to increaseefficiency, capacity, and service resilience.

Additionally, network services module 135-a executes a network servicescontroller application 205. The network services controller application205 may, for example, coordinate the execution of the network servicesapplications by the network services modules 135. For example, thenetwork services controller application 205 may communicate with anoutside administrator to determine a set of network services to beimplemented and allocate network services module 135 resources to thevarious network services applications to provide the specified set ofnetwork services. In certain examples, the functionality of the networkservices controller application 205 may be distributed among multiplenetwork services modules 135. In other examples, at least one of thenetwork services applications 205, 210, 215, 220, 225 may be performedby special-purpose hardware or by a combination of one or more networkservices modules 135 and special-purpose hardware. Thus, theself-contained network services system 145-b may supplement or replacespecial-purpose hardware in performing network services.

FIG. 2B shows an alternate configuration of network services modules135-e to 135-h in a self-contained network services system 145-b of adatacenter (e.g., datacenter 115 of FIG. 1). The self-contained networkservices system 145-b and network services modules 135-a to 135-d may beexamples of the self-contained network services system 145-a and networkservices modules 135 described above with reference to FIG. 1 or 2A. Incontrast to the configuration of FIG. 2A, the configuration of FIG. 2Ballocates two network services modules 135-e, 135-f to executingfirewall applications 210 for the provision of firewall services.Additionally, the present example divides the resources of networkservices module 135-g between the load balancing application and thestorage acceleration application. In one example, the configuration ofthe network services modules 135 in a self-contained network servicessystem 145 may be switched from that shown in FIG. 2A to that shown inFIG. 2B in response to an increased demand for firewall services and adecreased demand for load balancing and storage acceleration services.

FIG. 3A is a block diagram of one example of a network services module135-i that may be included in a datacenter (e.g., datacenter 115 ofFIG. 1) and dynamically allocated to a self-contained network servicessystem 145 to perform network services for the datacenter. The networkservices module 135-i may be an example of the network services modules135 described above with respect to FIG. 1, 2A, or 2B. The networkservices module 135-i of the present example includes a processingmodule 305 and one or more network service applications 370. Each ofthese components may be in communication, directly or indirectly.

The processing module 305 may be configured to execute code to executethe one or more network service applications 370 (e.g., applications205, 210, 215, 220, 225 of FIG. 2A or 2B) to implement one or morenetwork services selected for the network services module 135-i. In someexamples, the processing module 305 may include one or more computerprocessing cores that implement an instruction set architecture.Examples of suitable instruction set architectures for the processingmodule 305 include, but are not limited to, the x86 architecture and itsvariations, the PowerPC architecture and its variations, the JavaVirtual Machine architecture and its variations, and the like.

In certain examples, the processing module 305 may include a dedicatedhardware processor. Additionally or alternatively, the processing module305 may include a virtual machine implemented by a physical machinethrough a hypervisor or an operating system. In still other examples,the processing module 305 may include dedicated access to sharedphysical resources and/or dedicated processor threads.

The processing module 305 may be configured to interact with the networkservice applications 370 to implement one or more network services. Thenetwork service applications 370 may include elements of software and/orhardware that enable the processing module 305 to perform thefunctionality associated with at least one selected network service. Incertain examples, the processing module 305 may include an x86 processorand one or more memory modules storing the one or more network serviceapplications 370 executed by the processor to implement the at least oneselected network service. In these examples, the network servicesimplemented by the network services module 135-i may be dynamicallyreconfigured by adding code for one or more additional network serviceapplications 370 to the memory modules, removing code for one or moreexisting network service applications 370 from the memory modules,and/or replacing the code corresponding to one or more network serviceapplications 370 with code corresponding to one or more differentnetwork service applications 370.

In additional or alternate examples, the processing module 305 mayinclude an FPGA and the network service applications 370 may includecode that can be executed by the FPGA to configure logic gates withinthe FPGA, where the configuration of the logic gates determines the typeof network service(s), if any, implemented by the FPGA. In theseexamples, the network services implemented by the network servicesmodule 135-j may be dynamically reconfigured by substituting the gateconfiguration code in the FPGA with new code corresponding to a newnetwork services configuration.

FIG. 3B illustrates a more detailed example of a network services module135-j that may be used in a self-contained network services system(e.g., the self-contained network system 145 of FIG. 1) consistent withthe foregoing principles. The network services module 135-j may be anexample of a network services module in a network services system. Thenetwork services module 135-j of the present example includes aprocessor 355, a main memory 360, local storage 375, and acommunications module 380. Each of these components may be incommunication, directly or indirectly.

The processor 355 may include a dedicated hardware processor, a virtualmachine executed by a hypervisor, a virtual machine executed within anoperating system environment, and/or shared access to one or morehardware processors. In certain examples, the processor 355 may includemultiple processing cores. The processor 355 may be configured toexecute machine-readable code that includes a series of instructions toperform certain tasks. The machine-readable code may be modularized intodifferent programs. In the present example, these programs include anetwork services operating system 365 and a set of one or more networkservice applications 370.

The operating system 365 may coordinate access to and communicationbetween the physical resources of the network services module 135-j,including the processor 355, the main memory 360, the local storage 375,and the communications module 380. For example, the operating system 365may manage the execution of the one or more network serviceapplication(s) 370 by the processor 355. This management may includeassigning space in main memory 360 to the application 370, loading thecode for the network service applications 370 into the main memory 360,determining when the code for the network service applications 370 isexecuted by the processor 355, and controlling access by the networkservice applications 370 to other hardware resources, such as the localstorage 375 and communications module 380.

The operating system 365 may further coordinate communications forapplications 370 executed by the processor 355. For example, theoperating system 365 may implement internal application-layercommunications, such as communication between two network serviceapplications 370 executed in the same environment, and externalapplication-layer communications, such as communication between anetwork service applications 370 executed within the operating system365 and a network service applications 370 executed in a differentenvironment using network protocols.

As described in more detail below, in certain examples the operatingsystem 365 may be a custom operating system with optimizations andfeatures that allow the processor 355 to perform network processingservices at speeds matching or exceeding that of special-purposehardware appliances designed to provide equivalent network services.

Each network service application 370 executed from main memory 360 bythe processor may cause the processor 355 to implement a specific typeof network service functionality. As described above, network serviceapplications 370 may exist to implement firewall functionality, loadbalancing functionality, storage acceleration functionality, securityfunctionality, and/or any other network service that may suit aparticular application of the principles of this disclosure.

Thus, the network services module 135-j may dynamically add certainelements of network service functionality by selectively loading one ormore new network service applications 370 into the main memory 360 forexecution by the processor 355. Similarly, the network services module135-j may be configured to dynamically remove certain elements ofnetwork services functionality by selectively terminating the executionof one or more network service applications 370 in the main memory 360.

The local storage 375 of the network services module 135-j may includeone or more real or virtual storage devices specifically associated withthe processor 355. In certain examples, the local storage 375 of thenetwork services module may include one or more physical media (e.g.,magnetic disks, optical disks, solid-state drives, etc.). In certainexamples, the local storage 375 may store the executable code for thenetwork services operating system 365 and network service applications370 such that when the network services module 135-j is booted up, thecode for the network services operating system 365 is loaded from thelocal storage 375 into the main memory 360 for execution. When a certaintype of network service is desired, the network service application(s)370 corresponding to the desired network service may be loaded from thelocal storage 375 into the main memory 360 for execution. In certainexamples, the local storage 375 may include a repository of availablenetwork service applications 370, and the network service functionalityimplemented by the network services module 135-j may be dynamicallyaltered in real time by selectively loading or removing network serviceapplications 370 into or from the main memory 360.

The communications module 380 of the network services module 135-j mayinclude logic and hardware components for managing networkcommunications with client devices, other network services modules 135,and other network components. In certain examples, the network servicesmodule 135-j may receive network data over the communications module380, process the network data with the network service applications 370and the network services operating system 365, and return the results ofthe processed network data to a network destination over thecommunications module. Additionally, the communications module 380 mayreceive instructions over the network for dynamically reconfiguring thenetwork services functionality of the network services module 135-j. Forexample, the communications module 380 may receive an instruction toload a first network service application 370 into the main memory 360for execution and/or to remove a different network service application370 from the main memory 360.

As described above, each network services module 135 in a self-containednetwork services system 145 may be configured to execute one or moreinstances of a custom operating system with optimizations and featuresthat allow the processor 355 to perform network processing services atspeeds matching or exceeding that of special-purpose hardware appliancesdesigned to provide equivalent network services. FIG. 4 illustrates anexample architecture for one such operating system 365-a. The operatingsystem 365-a may be an example of the operating system 365 describedabove with reference to FIG. 3B. Additionally, the operating system365-a may be a component of the processing module 305 and/or theconfigurable network services module 370 described above with referenceto FIG. 3A.

The operating system 365-a of the present example includes anaccelerated kernel 405, a network services controller 410, networkservices libraries 415, system libraries 420, a management ApplicationProgramming Interface (API) 425, a health monitor 430, a HighAvailability (HA) monitor 435, a command line interface (CLI) 440, agraphical user interface (GUI) 445, a Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure(HTTP)/REST interface 450, and a Simple Network Management Protocol(SNMP) interface 455. Each of these components may be in communication,directly or indirectly. The operating system 365-a may be configured tomanage the execution of one or more network services applications 370-a.The one or more network services applications 370-a may be an example ofthe network services applications 370 described above with respect toFIG. 3. As described above, the network services applications 370-a mayrun within an environment provided by the network services operatingsystem 365-a to implement various network services (e.g., firewallservices, load balancing services, storage accelerator services,security services, etc.). Additionally, the operating system 365-a maybe in communication with one or more third party management applications460 and/or a number of other servers and network services modules.

The accelerated kernel 405 may support the inter-process communicationand system calls of a traditional Unix, Unix-like (e.g., Linux, OS/X),Windows, or other operating system kernel. However, the acceleratedkernel 405 may include additional functionality and implementationdifferences over traditional operating system kernels. For example, theadditional functionality and implementation differences maysubstantially increase the speed and efficiency of access to the networkstack, thereby making the performance of real-time network servicespossible within the operating system 365-a without imposing delays onnetwork traffic. Examples of such kernel optimizations are given in moredetail below.

The accelerated kernel 405 may dynamically manage network stackresources in the accelerated kernel 405 to ensure efficient and fastaccess to network data during the performance of network services. Forexample, the accelerated kernel 405 may optimize parallel processing ofnetwork flows by performing load balancing operations across networkstack resources. In certain embodiments, the accelerated kernel 405 maydynamically increase or decrease the number of application layer threadsor driver/network layer threads accessing the network stack to balancework loads and optimize throughput by minimizing blocking conditions.

The network services controller 410 may implement a database that storesconfiguration data for the accelerated kernel 405 and other modules inthe network services operating system 365-a. The network servicescontroller 410 may allow atomic transactions for data updates, andnotify listeners of changes. Using this capability, modules (e.g., thehealth monitor 430, the HA monitor 435) of the network servicesoperating system 365-a may effect configuration changes in the networkservices operating system 365-a by updating configuration data in thenetwork services controller 410 and allowing the network servicescontroller 410 to notify other modules within the network servicesoperating system 365-a of the updated configuration data.

The management API may communicate with the network services controller410 and provide access to the network services controller 410 for thehealth monitor 430, the HA monitor 435, the command line interface 440,the graphical user interface 445, the HTTPS/REST interface 450, and theSNMP interface 455.

The health monitor 430 and the high availability monitor 435 may monitorconditions in the network services operating system 365-a and update theconfiguration data stored at the network services controller 410 and totune network stack access and/or other aspects of the accelerated kernel405 to best adapt to a current state of the operating system 365-a. Forexample, the health monitor 430 may monitor the overall health of theoperating system 365-a, detect problematic conditions that may introducedelay into network stack access, and respond to such conditions byretuning the balance of application layer threads and driver layerthreads that access the network stack to achieve a more optimalthroughput. The high availability monitor 435 may dynamically update theconfiguration data of the network services controller 410 to assign oneor more servers implemented by the network services operating system365-a to respond to traffic for a given IP address.

In additional or alternative examples, the management API 425 may alsoreceive instructions to dynamically load or remove one or more networkservices applications 370-a on the host network services module 135and/or to make configuration changes to network services operatingsystem 365-a.

The management API 425 may communicate with an administrator or managingprocess by way of the command line interface 440, the graphical userinterface 445, the HTTPS/REST interface 450, or the SNMP interface 455.Additionally, the network services operating system 365-a may supportone or more third-party management applications that communicate withthe management API 425 to dynamically load, remove, or configure thenetwork applications managed by the network services operating system365-a. In certain examples, the network services operating system 365-amay also implement a cluster manager 460. The cluster manager 460 maycommunicate with other network services modules 135 in a self-containednetwork services module (e.g., the network services system 145 of FIG.1, 2A, or 2B) to coordinate the distribution of network services amongthe network services modules 135.

By way of the cluster manager 460, the network services operating system365-a may receive an assignment of certain network services applications370-a to execute. Additionally or alternatively, the cluster manager 460may assign other network services modules 135 in the network servicessystem to execute certain network services applications 370-a based oninput received over the command line interface 440, the graphical userinterface 445, the HTTPS/REST interface 450, the SNMP interface 455,and/or the third party management application(s). By implementingcommunication with other network services modules 135 in a cluster, thecluster manager 460 enables dynamic horizontal scalability in thedelivery of network services.

The network services operating system 365-a may also implement varioussoftware libraries 415, 420 for use by applications executed within theenvironment provided by the network services operating system. Theselibraries may include network services libraries 415 and ordinary systemlibraries 420. The network services libraries 415 may include librariesthat are specially developed for use by the network servicesapplications 370-a. For example, the network services libraries 415 mayinclude software routines or data structures that are common todifferent types of network services applications 370-a.

The system libraries 420 may include various libraries specific to aparticular operating system class implemented by the network servicesoperating system 365-a. For example, the network services operatingsystem 365-a may implement a particular Unix-like interface, such asFreeBSD. In this example, the system libraries 420 of the networkservices operating system 365-a may include the system librariesassociated with FreeBSD. In certain examples, the system libraries 420may include additional modifications or optimizations for use in theprovision of network services. By implementing these system libraries420, the operating system 365-a may be capable of executing variousunmodified third-party applications (e.g., third party managementapplication(s) 460). These third-party applications may, but need not,be related to the provision of network services.

FIG. 5 illustrates a block diagram of one example of network stackmanagement within a network services operating system. For example, thenetwork stack management shown in FIG. 5 may be performed by theaccelerated kernel 405 and network services controller 410 of thenetwork systems operating system 365-a of FIG. 3.

In the present example, a network stack 515 includes data related tonetwork communications made at the Internet Protocol (IP) level, datarelated to network communications made at the Transmission ControlProtocol (TCP) level (e.g., TCP state information), and data related toTCP sockets. Incoming network flows that arrive at one or more inputthreads 510 network ports may be added to the network stack 515 anddynamically mapped to one or more application threads 525. Theapplication threads 525 may be mapped to one or more stages of runningapplications 370. The mapping of incoming network flows to applicationthreads 525 may be done in a way that balances the work load among thevarious application threads 525. For example, if one of the applicationthreads 525 becomes overloaded, new incoming network flows may not bemapped to that application thread 525 until the load on that applicationthread is reduced.

For example, consider the case where the operating system executesnetwork services applications 370 for a web site and a command isreceived (e.g., at management API 425 of FIG. 4) to enable HypertextTransfer Protocol Secure (HTTPS) functionality. To do so, the operatingsystem may instruct the network services security application 370 toload a cryptographic library with which to encrypt and decrypt datacarried in incoming and outgoing network packets. In light of theCPU-intensive nature of cryptographic operations the number ofapplication threads 525 may be dynamically increased and the number ofincoming threads 505 may be correspondingly decreased. By shifting moreprocessing resources to the network services security application, thepotential backlog in HTTPS packet processing may be averted or reduced,thus optimizing throughput.

Additionally, the network stack 515 of the present example may beconfigured to allow for concurrent access by multiple processor threads510. In previous solutions, each time a thread accesses a networkresource (e.g., TCP state information in the network stack 515), otherthreads are locked out of accessing that collection of network resource(typically the entire set). As the number of network connectionsincreases, contention for the shared network resource may increaseresulting in head of line blocking and thereby effectively serializingnetwork connection processes that are intended to occur in parallel. Byincluding the use of a large hash table with fine-grained locking, theprobability of contention for shared network resources approaches zero.Further, by dynamically balancing the processing load betweenapplication threads 525, the operating system of the present example mayevenly distribute the demand for network stack resources across thetotal number of threads 510, thereby improving data flow

These types of optimizations to the network stack 515 of the presentexample may be implemented without altering the socket interfaces of theoperating system. Thus, where the network operating system is running ona standard general-purpose processor architecture (e.g., the x86architecture), any network application designed for that architecturemay receive the benefits of increased throughput and resource efficiencyin this environment without need of altering the network application.

FIG. 6A illustrates another example of balanced load optimizations forprocessing network packets that may occur in an accelerated kernel of anetwork services operating system (e.g., the operating system 365 ofFIG. 3 or 4). In the present example, a number of application threads525 are shown. Each application thread 525 may be associated with one ormore application stages 605. The application stages may be associatedwith the network services applications 205, 210, 215, 220, 225, 370described above with respect to the previous Figures. Each of theapplication threads 525 may be configured to output network packets byperforming outgoing socket processing 610, outgoing TCP level processing615, outgoing IP level processing 620, outgoing link layer processing623, and outgoing driver level processing 625. As part of thisprocessing, the application threads 525 may access one or more statemanagement tables 630 in parallel.

As further shown in FIG. 6A, input processing may be decoupled fromoutput processing such that only network threads 510 receive and processpackets received from the network. Thus, network threads 510-a and 510-bmay be currently configured to perform incoming driver level processing650, incoming link layer processing 647, incoming IP level processing645, incoming TCP level processing 640, and incoming socket processing635. Additionally, network threads 510-a and 510-b may be configured toaccess one or more state management tables 630 in parallel. In certainexamples, the use of a large hash table in connection with fine-grainedlocking may enable fast concurrent access to the state management tables630 with minimal lockout issues.

In one example, application threads 525 may all equally process andhandle new incoming network flows. By contrast, in another example,application threads 525-a and 525-d may become overloaded (e.g. numberof connections to service) with respect to threads 525-b and 525-c. Inthis situation threads 525-a and 525-d may independently or byinstruction by a component of the network service operating system(365-a FIG. 4) to temporarily reduce the rate at which they process andhandle new incoming network flows until their load is balanced withrespect to threads 525-b and 525-c. This re-configuration of theapplication threads 525 may dynamically occur, for example, in responseto the application stages associated with application threads 525-a and525-d receiving a stream of high-work packets (e.g., multiple HTTPSterminations). By diverting additional incoming packets to peerapplications threads 525-b and 525-c, the overall processing load may bebalanced among the application threads 525. However, once the workloadassociated with application threads 525-a and 525-d is reduced, thesystem may be dynamically updated such that incoming network flows areagain distributed to application threads 525-a and 525-d for processing.

In additional or alternative examples, it may be desirable to increaseor decrease the number of application threads 525. Such an increase ordecrease may occur dynamically in response to changing demand fornetwork services. For example, an application thread 525 may be added byallocating processing resources to the new application thread 525,associating the new application thread 525 with an appropriateapplication stage 605, and updating the distribution function 660 suchthat incoming network flows are distributed to the new applicationthread 525. Conversely, an application thread 525 may be dynamicallyremoved to free up processing resources for another process by allowingthe application thread 525 to finish any pending processing tasksassigned to the application thread, updating the distribution function660, and reallocating the resources of the application thread 525somewhere else. This dynamic increase or decrease of application threads525 may occur without need of rebooting or terminating network services.

As further shown in FIG. 6A, incoming network flows may be assigned tonetwork threads 510 using a distribution function 660. The distributionfunction 660 may be, for example, a modularized hashing function. Thenumber of network threads 510 that receive and process incoming networkflows may be dynamically altered by, for example, changing a modulus ofthe distribution function 660.

FIG. 6B illustrates another example of balanced load optimizations forprocessing network packets that may occur in an accelerated kernel of anetwork services operating system (e.g., the operating system 365 ofFIG. 3 or 4). In the present example, a number of network threads 510are shown. Each network thread 510 may be associated with both itscounterpart's tasks in FIG. 6A as well as the tasks associated with anapplication thread 525 in FIG. 6. The dynamic re-balancing andre-configuration described above may be similarly accomplished in thisconfiguration by having network threads 510 increase and decrease therate at which they process and handle new incoming flows.

It is worth noting that while an entire system for providing networkservices using commodity servers has been described as a whole for thesake of context, the present specification is directed to methods,systems, and apparatus that may be used with, but are not tied to thesystem of FIGS. 1-6. Individual aspects of the present specification maybe broken out and used exclusive of other aspects of the foregoingdescription. This will be described in more detail, below.

Referring next to FIG. 7, an example of a self-contained networkservices system 145-c is shown. The self-contained network servicessystem 145-c may be an example of the self-contained network servicessystem 145 described above with reference to one or more of the previousFigures. The self-contained network services system 145-c of the presentexample may communicate with a network fabric 705 and a managementmodule 710. The network fabric 705 may include physical media, switches,routers, load balancer, and/or other forwarding elements associated witha network serviced by the network services system 145-c. For example,the network fabric 705 may be associated with the network 110, router120, and switches 125 shown above with reference to FIG. 1. Themanagement module 710 may be implemented by a computer or other deviceconfigured to communicate with the self-contained network servicessystem 145-c.

As shown in FIG. 7, the self-contained network services system 145-c ofthe present example may include at least one router 120-a or otherforwarding device, at least one dynamically configurable networkservices module 135-k configured to execute a controller application205-a, and a number of additional dynamically configurable networkservices modules 135-1 to 135-n. Each of these components may be incommunication, directly or indirectly. The network services module 135-kexecuting the controller application 205-a and the other dynamicallyconfigurable network services modules 135-1 to 135-n may be examples ofone or more of the network services modules 135 described above withreference to previous Figures.

The router 120-a associated with the self-contained network servicessystem 145-c may be managed and configured separately from routers orswitches that are external to the self-contained network services system145-c. For example, the self-contained network services system 145-c maybe deployed to a datacenter or other network environment. While switchesand routers in the network fabric 705 external to the self-containednetwork services system 145-c may be managed and configured according topolicies in place for the datacenter, the router 120-a associated withthe self-contained network services system 145-c may be separatelyconfigured for routing data to and from instances of network servicesapplications executed by the network services modules 135.

It should be understood that the router 120-a may be any policy-basedforwarding device, including, but not limited to, a conventional router,a special-purpose router, a virtual router implemented by a server, alayer-3 switch, a load balancer, and/or any other policy-basedforwarding device. In certain examples, the router 120-a may perform acombination of level-3 routing and level-2 switching on packetsdistributed between the network services modules 135 and the networkfabric 705.

The network services module 135-k executing the controller application205-a may, like the other network services modules 135, be a commodityserver 130. The network services module 135 executing the controllerapplication 205-a may coordinate the deployment and removal of networkservices applications to the other dynamically configurable networkservices modules 135-1 to 135-n. For example, network services module135-k of the present example may execute an example of the controllerapplication 205 described above with reference to FIG. 2A or 2B. Itshould be understood that all or a portion of network services module135-k may be dynamically configurable, just like the other dynamicallyconfigurable network services modules 135-1 to 135-n. Thus, the networkservices module 135-k executing the controller application 205-a mayalso execute one or more instances of other network servicesapplications (e.g., firewall application 210, load balancer application215, storage accelerator application 220, and/or security application225 of FIG. 2).

Each of the dynamically configurable network services modules 135 may beconfigured to execute various network services applications to implementa desired network services functionality. The controller application205-a of the present example may be configured to determine whichnetwork services applications, if any, are executed by each of thedynamically configurable network services modules 135 and deploy theappropriate software to each of the dynamically configurable networkservices modules 135. The controller application 205-a may dynamicallydeploy, remove, or reconfigure the network services applicationsexecuted by the dynamically configurable network services modules 135 asthe demand for certain network services changes over time and/or byrequest of the management module 710. In certain examples, thecontroller application 205-a may activate or deactivate certain featuresof running instances of the network services applications.

Each of the dynamically configurable network services modules 135 mayexecute a special network services operating system with acceleratednetworking functionality, such as the network services operating system365 described above with reference to the previous Figures.

Turning now to an example, the management module 710 may communicatewith the controller application 205-a over an application programminginterface (API) (e.g., an implementation of the Representational StateTransfer (REST) API) or a graphical user interface (GUI) to provide arequest for network services in the abstract. For instance, themanagement module 710 may convey a request to the controller application205-a to activate load balancing service at 5.0 Gb per second with 1.0million connections per second, and to enable Secure Sockets Layer (SSL)security in a datacenter.

The controller application 205-a may then determine how many instancesof a load balancing application (e.g., the load balancing application215 of FIG. 2A or 2B) and a security application (e.g., the securityapplication 225 of FIG. 2A or 2B) to deploy to the dynamicallyconfigurable network services modules 135-1 to 135-n to implement therequested network services. Additionally, the controller application205-a may determine whether each instance of the security application isto be implemented as a virtual machine or on dedicated hardware.

Using the determined number of instances for each network serviceapplication and the decision to implement each instance as a virtualmachine or on dedicated hardware, the controller application 205-a ofnetwork services module 135-k may generate a new software configurationfor a number of the dynamically configurable network services modules135 and configure the number of dynamically configurable networkservices modules 135 with the new software configuration to implementthe desired number of instances of the load balancing and securityapplications.

Once the network services are configured, the controller application205-a may then reconfigure the router 120-a to appropriately steertraffic to the network services modules 135 implementing the new networkservices, thereby providing the requested load balancing and SSLservice. A key concept of the self-contained network services system145-c is that the network may be reconfigured along with the serversimplementing the dynamically configurable network services modules 135to provide the requested network services.

Referring next to FIG. 8, a more detailed block diagram of an examplenetwork services module 135-o running a controller application 205-b isshown. The network services module 135-o may be an example of one ormore of the network services modules 135 described above with referenceto the previous Figures. The controller application 205 may be anexample of one or more of the controller applications 205 describedabove with reference to the previous Figures.

To provide dynamically configurable network services to a clientnetwork, the controller application 205-b of the present example mayinclude at least a management interface module 805, a network servicesreconfiguration module 810, and a network reconfiguration module 815. Ofcourse, the controller application 205-b may also implement otherfunctionality and features according to the principles of the presentspecification. For the sake of clarity, however, the present example ofFIG. 8 focuses on certain basic features of the controller application205-b with respect to the deployment and dynamic configuration ofnetwork services in real-time.

The management interface module 805 may be configured to receive arequest (e.g., over an API or GUI) for a change in network servicesprovided by a self-contained network services system (e.g.,self-contained network services system 145-c of FIG. 7) to a clientnetwork.

The network services reconfiguration module 810 may determine a newsoftware configuration for a number of network services modules of theself-contained network services system based on the received request,and dynamically configure the network services modules according to thenew software configuration.

In certain examples, determining the new software configuration for thenetwork services modules may include identifying at least one networkservice application associated with the requested change in networkservices. In certain examples, a level of virtualization for eachinstance of one or more selected network service applications may bedetermined based on a priority of that network service application oranother factor. One or more instances of the identified selected networkservice application may be dynamically loaded or removed from one ormore of the network services modules to implement the requested changein network services.

In certain examples, the network services modules may be dynamicallyreconfigured according to the requested change while the same or adifferent set of network services modules is providing a set of existingnetwork services to the network.

In certain examples, implementing the requested change may includereceiving packets from the client network and processing the receivedpackets with the self-contained network services modules according tothe new configuration.

The network reconfiguration module 815 may reconfigure the clientnetwork and a router or other forwarding device associated with theself-contained network services system to steer network traffic from theclient network to the instances of the network services applicationsrunning on the network services modules in accordance with the requestedchange and the new software configuration selected by the networkservices reconfiguration module 810.

Referring next to FIG. 9, a flowchart is shown of an example of a method900 of managing network services. The method 900 may be performed, forexample, by one or more of the network services modules 135 and/or thenetwork services operating system 365 described above with reference tothe previous Figures. The self-contained network services systemdescribed in FIG. 9 may be an example of one or more of theself-contained network services systems 145 described above withreference to the previous Figures.

At block 905, a request may be received at a controller application fora change in network services provided by a self-contained networkservices system to a client network. At block 910, a new softwareconfiguration may be determined based on the received request, for anumber of network services modules of the self-contained networkservices system. At block 915, the network services modules may bedynamically configured according to the determined new softwareconfiguration. At block 920, the client network and a router associatedwith the self-contained network services system may be reconfigured tosteer network traffic from the client network to instances of networkservices applications running on the network services modules accordingto the requested change and the new software configuration.

Referring next to FIG. 10, a flowchart is shown of an example of amethod 1000 of managing network services. The method 1000 may beperformed, for example, by one or more of the network services modules135 and/or the network services operating system 365 described abovewith reference to the previous Figures. The self-contained networkservices system described in FIG. 10 may be an example of one or more ofthe self-contained network services systems 145 described above withreference to the previous Figures. The method 1000 may be an example ofthe method 900 of FIG. 9.

At block 1005, a request for a change in network services provided by aself-contained network services system to a network may be received atan instance of a controller application of the self-contained networkservices system. The requested change may include the addition ofnetwork services, the removal of network services, or some other changeto network services. At block 1010, a new software configuration may bedetermined for a number of network service modules of the self-containednetwork services system based on the received request. At block 1015, itmay be determined whether the new software configuration includes theaddition of new network service application instances. For example, newnetwork service application instances may be deployed in response to arequest for a new network service or to expand the capacity of anexisting network service.

If it is determined that the new software configuration includes thedeployment of new network service application instances (block 1015,Yes), one or more of the network service modules may be selected to runthe new network services application instance(s) at block 1020. The oneor more network service modules may be selected based on processor ormemory utilization, available bandwidth, requirements associated withthe network services application to be deployed, or other relevantconsiderations. At block 1025, a level of virtualization for the newinstance(s) of the network services application may be selected, and atblock 1030, the network service application instance(s) may be loadedonto the selected network services modules.

Following deployment of the new network service application instance(s)or in response to a determination that the new software configurationdoes not include the deployment of new network service applicationinstances (block 1015, No), a determination may be made at block 1035 asto whether the new software configuration includes a change to one ormore existing instances of network services applications running at theself-contained network services system. Changes to the existinginstances of network services applications may include removing one ormore of the instances of the network services applications, changingparameters or a run-time environment associated with one or moreinstances of the network services applications, changing a level ofvirtualization of one or more instances of the network servicesapplications, or other changes. If such changes are included in the newsoftware configuration (block 1035, Yes), one or more network serviceapplication instances may be removed or reconfigured according to thenew software configuration.

Following the removal or reconfiguration, or in response to adetermination that no changes are to be made to the existing networkservice application instances (block 1035, No), the client networkfabric and a router associated with the self-contained network servicessystem may be reconfigured to distribute traffic among the networkservices modules in accordance with the requested change in networkservices.

Referring next to FIG. 11A and FIG. 11B, block diagrams of otherexamples of self-contained network services systems 145 are shown. Theself-contained network services system 145 of FIGS. 11A and 11B may beexamples of one or more of the self-contained network services system145 described above with respect to previous Figures.

Each of the self-contained network services system 145 of FIGS. 11A and11B may include a shared system database 1105 and various instances ofnetwork services applications 205, 215, 225. The network servicesapplications 205, 215, 225 may be implemented by a number of networkservices modules (not shown) in the self-contained network servicessystem 145, as according to the principles of the present description.

The network services applications 205, 215, 225 implemented by theself-contained network services systems 145 of FIGS. 11A and 11B mayinclude at least one instance a controller application 205, multipleinstances of a load balancing application 215, and multiple instances ofa security application 225. The controller application 205 may be anexample of the controller application 205 described above with referenceto FIG. 2A or 2B, or the network service applications 370 describedabove with reference to FIG. 3B or 4. The load balancing application 215may be an example of the load balancing application 215 described abovewith reference to FIG. 2A or 2B, or the network service applications 370described above with reference to FIG. 3B or 4. The security application225 may be an example of the security application 225 described abovewith reference to FIG. 2A or 2B, or the network service applications 370described above with reference to FIG. 3B or 4.

While the present examples are described in the context of the loadbalancing application 215 and the security application 225, it should beunderstood that these same principles may be applied to self-containednetwork services systems implementing any combination of network serviceapplication types.

The self-contained network services systems 145 of FIGS. 11A and 11B maybe implemented by a number of servers (e.g., servers 130 described inthe previous Figures) distributed among one or more physical racks.Dashed lines 1110 demonstrate one example of application distributionamong different physical racks. Thus, in FIG. 11A, an instance of thecontroller application 205-c may be implemented by a real or virtualserver on a network services module implemented in a first rack 1110-a,multiple instances of the load balancing application 215 may beimplemented by separate real or virtual servers on a network servicesmodule implemented in a second rack 1110-b, a first instance of thesecurity application 225 may be implemented by a real or virtual serveron a network services module implemented in a third rack 1110-c, and asecond instance of the security application 225 may be implemented on anetwork services module implemented by a real or virtual server in afourth rack 1110-d.

In previous solutions for providing network services, special-purposehardware is provided in custom chassis having special-purpose cards thatcommunicate with each other over dedicated physical communication linesand a communications protocol with which to transfer state betweennodes. By contrast, the systems and methods of the present disclosureenable the provisioning of network services using commodity serversdistributed among one or more racks without dedicated physicalcommunication lines between servers. The communication system asdescribed may mimic the communications capabilities of a chassis betweenthe network services modules contained within a self-contained networkservices system 145, and shall therefore be referred to as a virtualchassis.

With reference to FIG. 11A, to allow for communication between theinstances of the network services applications 205, 215, 225 withoutdedicated network services communication lines, the self-containednetwork services system 145-d may provide each processor implementing aninstance of the network services applications 205, 215, 225 access to ashared system database 1105. The shared system database 1105 may beimplemented over a network accessible to each network services moduleimplementing one of the network services applications 205, 215, 225. Theshared system database 1105 may also be accessed via shared-memory orover the server's local networking provided by the operating system.Each instance of the network services applications 205, 215, 225 may beconfigured to store updated state information in a portion of the sharedsystem database 1105 allocated to that instance.

In the example of FIG. 11A, the shared system database 1105 may be afully distributed database where each server in each node locally storesits own state information. In such examples, each server 130 may bequeried individually for its portion of the database. In additional oralternative examples, the shared system database 1105 of FIG. 11A may bea fully centralized database that stores local state information foreach of the servers in a single repository. As shown in the example ofFIG. 11B, the shared database 1105 may be implemented as a distributeddatabase with partial replication in which one or more network servicesapplications, such as the controller application 205-b, replicate stateinformation from the servers that is used for metering in a replicateddatabase 1105-b. The state information in the replicated database 1105-bmay allow for persistence in the presence of catastrophic node failures,while still allowing for the scalability and speed of a distributeddatabase for other functions.

Because each instance of a network service application 205, 215, 225 maybe able to view state information for each other network serviceapplication instance through the shared system database 1105, thevarious instances of the network services applications 205, 215, 225 maycommunicate with each other by storing and reading each other's stateinformation in the shared system database 1105.

Additionally, the shared system database 1105 may be used to propagatechanges throughout the self-contained network services system 145. Forexample, the controller application 205-b of FIG. 11A may determine acurrent configuration of each server in the self-contained networkservices system 145-d by reading state information from the sharedsystem database 1105. In this way, the controller application 205-b maydetermine an updated software configuration for each server when achange for network services is received. The controller application205-b may communicate the updated software configuration for eachnetwork services module by writing an indication of the updated softwareconfiguration for each network services module to the shared systemdatabase 1105. Each network services module may then access the sharedsystem database 1105 to retrieve its updated software configuration andupdate accordingly.

Referring next to FIG. 12, a flowchart is shown of an illustrativemethod 1200 of managing a self-contained network services system. Themethod 1200 may be performed, for example, by one or more of the networkservice modules 135 or the network services operating system 365described above with reference to the previous Figures. Theself-contained network services system may be an example of theself-contained network services system 145 described above withreference to the previous Figures.

At block 1205, a self-contained network services module may be provided.The self-contained network services system may have a number of networkservices modules in different physical racks, each network servicesmodule executing a separate instance of a network service application.At block 1210, each network services module implementing a networkservice application may be provided with access to a shared database. Atblock 1215, the network service application instances may be allowed toexchange state information through mutual access to the shared database.Additionally or alternatively, as described above with reference toFIGS. 11A and 11B, software changes may be propagated through theself-contained network services system by updating the shared database.

Referring next to FIG. 13A, a block diagram of another example of anetwork services module 135-p is shown. The network services module135-p of FIG. 13 may be an example of one or more of the networkservices modules in a self-contained network services system 145described above with respect to the previous Figures. The networkservices module 135-p of the present example may include an instance ofa controller application 205, a number of instances of a load balancingapplication 215, a shared system database 1105-g, a command lineinterface 1305, and an instance of a health monitor application 1310.Each of these components may be in communication, directly orindirectly.

The instance of the controller application 205 of FIG. 13A may be anexample of one or more of the controller applications 205 and/or thenetwork service applications 370 described above with reference toprevious Figures. The instances of the load balancing application 215may be examples of one or more of the load balancing applications 215and/or the network service applications 370 described above withreference to previous Figures. The shared system database 1105-g may bean example of one or more of the shared system databases 1105 describedabove with reference to previous Figures.

The present example is described in the context of a load balancingapplication 215 running on a single instance of a network servicesmodule 135-p running on a real or virtual server. However, it should beunderstood that these same principles may be applied to any networkservices modules of a self-contained network services system 145implementing any combination of network service application types.

The separate instances of the load balancing application 215 may beimplemented as separate processes rather than separate threads of thesame process. In this way, if one of the instances of the load balancingapplication 215 crashes, the functionality of the remaining instances ofthe load balancing application 215 may continue unaffected, therebyallowing the load balancing service to continue during diagnosis and/orrestarting of the failed instance. Moreover, during the period betweenthe crash or termination of a process and its being restarted, theremaining processes may be configured to assume the duties and workloadof the crashed instance. By spreading the network service of loadbalancing across multiple processes, the risk of system performancebeing crippled by a single crash may be reduced.

The shared system database 1105-g of FIG. 13A may be accessible to thecontroller application 205 instance, the command line interface 1305,the health monitor application 1310 instance, and the load balancingapplication 215 instances. Similar to the shared system databases 1105of FIGS. 11A and 11B, the shared system database 1105-g of FIG. 13A maystore state information for each of the application instances. Thehealth monitor application 1310 may monitor the state information foreach of the application instances stored in the share system database1105-g to dynamically detect and remedy problems arising with theapplication instances.

For example, each instance of the load balancing application 215 maystore state information in the shared system database 1105-g. If oneinstance of the load balancing application 215 crashes, the healthmonitor application 1310 may detect the crash from the state informationstored for that instance of the load balancing application 215 from theshared system database 1105-g. Upon detecting the crash, the healthmonitor application 1310 may divert new load balancing tasks away fromthe crashed instance and to other healthy instances of the loadbalancing application 215. The health monitor application 1310 may causethe controller application 205-e to attempt to restart the crashedinstance of the load balancing application 215 and/or create a newinstance of the load balancing application 215.

In another example, the health monitor application 1310 may determinefrom the shared system database 1105-g that one or more instances of theload balancing application 215 is overloaded and in danger of crashing.In response, the health monitor application 1310 may divert new loadbalancing tasks away from the overloaded instances of the load balancingapplication 215 and/or cause the controller application 205-e to createone or more new instances of the load balancing application 215.

Referring next to FIG. 13B, a block diagram of a self-contained networkservices system 145-f is shown. In the example of FIG. 13B, theself-contained network services system 145-f includes a number ofdynamically configurable network services modules 135 and a sharedsystem database 1105-g. The self-contained network services system 145-fmay be an example of one or more the self-contained network servicessystems 145 described in the previous Figures. The dynamicallyconfigurable network services modules 135 may be an example of one ormore of the dynamically configurable network services modules 135described in the previous Figures. The shared system database 1105-b maybe an example of one or more of the shared system databases 1105described above with reference to the previous Figures.

In the self-contained network services system 145-f of the presentexample, each of the dynamically configurable network services modules135 may be in communication with the shared system database 1105-g.State information for the applications executed by each of thedynamically configurable network services modules 135 may be centrallystored and/or replicated to the shared system database 105-g. In thepresent example, dynamically configurable network services modules 135-oand 135-p may each execute an instance of controller application 205.Among other management tasks, the controller application 205 may detectthat an entire network services module 135 has failed, at which pointthe controller application 205 may discontinue service delivery to thefailed module 135, provision a new network services module 135, and thendirect new traffic to the new network services module 135.

Certain details regarding how service to the failed network servicesmodule 135 is handled may be specific to a particular set ofcircumstances and/or implementation of the self-contained networkservices system 145 to ensure the best delivery of services. In somecases, it may be better to allow traffic destined for the failed networkservices module 135 to not be serviced until a replacement module isprovisioned. Alternatively, in certain cases it may be better toredirect traffic destined for the failed network services module 135 toredundant network service applications provided by other networkservices modules 135 while waiting for the replacement network servicesmodule 135 to be provisioned.

Referring next to FIG. 14, a block diagram of an example networkservices module 135-u running a controller application 205-h and one ormore network services applications 370-d is shown. The network servicesmodule 135-u may be implemented by a number of commodity servers 130 orother processors. The network services module 135-u may be an example ofone or more of the network services modules 135 described above withreference to the previous Figures. The controller application 205-h maybe an example of one or more of the controller applications 205described above with reference to the previous Figures. The networkservices application(s) 370-d running on the network services module135-u may be an example of one or more of the network servicesapplications 210, 215, 220, 225, 370 described above with reference toprevious Figures.

To provide self-healing functionality to the network services module135-u and/or to an entire self-contained network services system 145,the controller application 205-h of the present example may include atleast a state information management module 1405, a fault identificationmodule. Of course, the controller application 205-h may also implementother functionality and features according to the principles of thepresent specification. For the sake of clarity, however, the presentexample of FIG. 14 focuses on certain basic features of the controllerapplication 205-h with respect to self-healing in the event of a faultynetwork services application 370 or other failure.

The state information management module 1405 may be configured to storestate information in a shared memory (e.g., a shared system database1105 as described in the previous Figures) for each instance of anetwork service application 370-d implemented by the network servicesmodule 135-u and/or the self-contained network services system 145. Thefault identification module 1410 may be configured to identify a faultin one of the network service application 370-d instances running on thenetwork services module 135-u or on another network services module 135based on the state information stored within the shared memory. Incertain examples, the fault identification module 1410 may detect thefailure of an entire other network services module 135 in theself-contained network services system 145. The fault remediation module1415 may be configured to dynamically remedy the identified fault in theone of the network service application 370-d instances.

As discussed above, remediation of the identified fault may includediscontinuing deliverance of tasks or other network traffic to theidentified faulty network service application 370-d instance in responseto the identified fault. In certain examples, remediation of theidentified fault may include restarting the faulty network serviceapplication 370-d instance in response to the identified fault, andrestoring a state of the faulty network service application 370-d to therestarted network service application 370-d instance based on the stateinformation stored within the shared memory. Alternatively, therestarted network services application 370-d instance may start with afresh state. In certain examples, the delivery of tasks or other networktraffic to the restarted network service application 370-d instance mayresume.

In additional or alternative examples, the fault remediation module 1415may remedy the identified fault by launching a replacement networkservice application 370-d instance on a separate processor or the sameprocessor to replace the identified one of the network serviceapplication instances. The state of the faulty network serviceapplication 370-d may then be restored to the replacement networkservice application 370-d instance based on the state information storedwithin the shared memory, or alternatively, the replacement networkservice application 370-d may start with a fresh state. The faultremediation module 1415 may reconfigure the self-contained networkservices system to deliver tasks associated with the identified faultynetwork service application instance to the replacement network serviceapplication instance.

In additional or alternative examples, the fault remediation module 1415may reconfigure the self-contained network services system to delivertasks associated with the identified faulty network service application370-d instance to a redundant instance of the same network serviceapplication 370-d that is already running.

Referring next to FIG. 15, a flowchart is shown of an illustrativemethod 1500 of managing a self-contained network services system. Themethod 1500 may be performed, for example, by one or more of the networkservice modules 135 or the network services operating system 365described above with reference to the previous Figures. Theself-contained network services system may be an example of theself-contained network services system 145 described above withreference to the previous Figures.

At block 1505, a self-contained network services module having a numberof processors may be provided, where the processor(s) execute a numberof separate network service application instances. At block 1510, stateinformation for each network service application instance may be storedwithin a shared memory, such as a shared system database. At block 1515,a fault may be identified in one of the network service applicationinstances based on the state information stored within the sharedmemory. At block 1520, the identified fault in the network serviceapplication instance may be dynamically remedied as discussed above.

Referring next to FIGS. 16A and 16B, flowcharts are shown ofillustrative methods 1600, 1650 of managing a self-contained networkservices system. The methods 1600, 1650 may be performed, for example,by one or more of the network service modules 135 or the networkservices operating system 365 described above with reference to theprevious Figures. The self-contained network services system may be anexample of the self-contained network services system 145 describedabove with reference to the previous Figures. The methods 1600 of FIGS.16A and 16B may be examples of the method 1500 of FIG. 15.

Specifically, the methods 1600, 1650 may be performed by a controllerapplication and a health monitor application in the self-containednetwork services module in a network services operating systemenvironment. The controller application may be an example of thecontroller application 205 or the network services application 370described above with reference to the above Figures. The health monitorapplication may be an example of the health monitor application 1310 orthe network services application 370 described above with reference tothe above Figures. The network services module may be an example of anetwork services module 135 or the network services application 370described above with reference to the above Figures.

Referring specifically to the method 1600 of FIG. 16A, at block 1605, anetwork service module may be provided. The network service module mayinclude a number of processors, the processors executing a number ofseparate instances of network service applications. At block 1610, eachof the instances of the network service applications may be allowed orinstructed to store state information for itself within a shareddatabase. At block 1615, a fault may be determined in an instance of oneof the network service applications based on state information stored bythat instance in the shared memory. At block 1620, deliverance of newtasks to the faulty instance may be discontinued. At block 1625, thefaulty instance of the network service application may be restarted, andat block 1630, task delivery to the restarted instance of the networkservice application may begin.

Referring specifically to the method 1650 of FIG. 16B, at block 1655, aself-contained network services system may provided, the self-containednetwork services system having a number of dynamically configurablenetwork services modules. Each network services module may beimplemented by at least one server. At block 1660, each network serviceapplication executed by the dynamically configurable network servicesmodules may be allowed to store state information within a shareddatabase or other type of shared memory. At block 1660, a fault may bedetermined in one of the network services modules. At block 1670,deliverance of new tasks to the faulty network services module may bediscontinued. At block 1675, a replacement network services module maybe provisioned, and at block 1680, task delivery to the replacementnetwork services module may begin.

Referring next to FIG. 17, a block diagram of another example of aself-contained network services system 145-g is shown. Theself-contained network services system 145-g of FIG. 17 may be anexample of one or more of the self-contained network services systems145 described above with respect to previous Figures.

The self-contained network services system 145-g may be configured toprovide network services to a client network associated with a clientnetwork fabric 705-a. The self-contained network services system 145-gof the present example may include an internal network fabric 705-b, anumber of instances of a load balancing application 215, and a number ofinstances of a security application 225. The load balancing application215 and the security application 225 may be examples of the loadbalancing application 215 and the security application 225 and/or of thenetwork service applications 370 described above with reference to theprevious Figures. Each of these components may be in communication,directly or indirectly.

The present example is described in the context of separate instances ofthe load balancing application 215 and the security application 225 forsimplicity in explanation. However, it should be understood that thesesame principles may be applied to self-contained network servicessystems 145 implementing any combination of network service applicationtypes.

The self-contained network services system 145-g of the present examplemay provide network services (e.g., load balancing and SSL security) toa client network over the client network fabric 705-a. The clientnetwork fabric 705-a may include switches, routers, and othertransmission devices and media for the client network. The clientnetwork fabric 705-a may be an example of the network fabric 705described above with reference to FIG. 7.

It may be desirable to distribute network service tasks in parallelbetween multiple, redundant network service application instances thatprovide the same functionality. For example, it may be desirable todivide load balancing tasks from the client network between a firstinstance and a second instance of the load balancing application 215.Similarly, it may be desirable to divide SSL security tasks from theclient network between a first instance and a second instance of thesecurity application 225. This redundancy may provide improvedefficiency and resilience.

The client network may transmit all network service tasks of aparticular type to the self-contained network services system 145-fusing a single IP address. One way to evenly distribute network servicetasks between redundant modules at the same IP address may be toreconfigure routers in the network fabric 705-a of the client network toenable a routing protocol that distributes the network service tasks.For example, Equal Cost Multi-Path routing (ECMP) may be used to evenlydistribute network tasks between two instances of a network servicesapplication when each instance of the network services applicationadvertises a path of the same cost to a common address. However,reconfiguring the routers of the client network fabric 705-a requiresaccess to router configurations of the client network, which manynetwork administrators may be reluctant to give to third-party networksolutions providers. Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) manipulation mayprovide redundancy capability without altering the router configurationsof the client network, but it does not allow for the distribution oftraffic to a single IP address between redundant network servicesapplication instances.

The self-contained network services system 145-f of the present examplemay address these issues by providing an internal network fabric 705-b,separate from the client network fabric 705-a, and separatelyconfiguring the internal network fabric 705-b to distribute the networkservice tasks according to a defined policy. The internal network fabric705-b may include at least one router 120-b or other forwarding devicedisposed at a port of entry to the internal network fabric 705-b fromthe client network fabric 705-a. The router 120-b may be an example ofone or more of the routers 120 described above with reference toprevious Figures.

The internal network fabric 705-b may not be a part of the networkfabric 705-a of the client network, and hence need not be subject tomanagement restrictions in place for the network fabric 705-a of theclient network. For example, ECMP routing may be enabled at a trafficforwarding module 1710 of the router 120-b associated with the internalnetwork fabric, even if the client network fabric 705-a forbids ECMProuting.

In this way, redundant instances of the same network service applicationmay advertise routes of equal length to a destination IP addressassociated with the network service offered by that particularapplication. Consequently, the redundant instances of the applicationmay trick the router 120-b into thinking that the different instances ofthe same network services application are simply equally viable nexthops in a network path to the destination IP address, causing the routerto divide and forward all traffic directed to that destination IPaddress among the redundant instances of the network serviceapplication. The redundant instances of the network service applicationmay then process the tasks directed to the destination IP address inparallel.

As an example, consider the case shown in FIG. 13, in which loadbalancing tasks may be transmitted over the network fabric 705-a to theself-contained network services system 145-f at IP address 192.168.50.15and security tasks may be transmitted to IP address 192.168.73.64. Thefirst instance and the second instance of the load balancing application215 may each advertise themselves to the router 120-b as equally viablepaths to 192.168.50.15. For example, the first instance and the secondinstance of the load balancing application 215 may each advertise thatthey can forward packets to 192.168.50.15 in an equal number of hops oran equal amount of time.

Thus, the router 120-b may see the first instance and the secondinstance of the load balancing application 215 as equally viable nexthops to 192.168.50.15, and use ECMP routing to evenly distribute networkflows or packets addressed to 192.168.50.15 to the first instance andthe second instance of the load balancing application 215. In someexamples, the router 120-b may use hash-based distribution or anotherdistribution method to balance the network flows or packets between theredundant instances of load balancing application 215. Thus, even thoughthe separate instances of the load balancing application 215 may have IPaddresses unique to 192.168.50.15, the load balancing tasks may beevenly distributed to and processed by the first instance and the secondinstance of the load balancing application 215. A similar procedure maybe used to cause SSL tasks directed to IP address 192.168.73.64 to beevenly distributed to and processed by the first instance and the secondinstance of the security application 225.

While the foregoing examples have been given in the context ofrepurposing ECMP routing to distribute network tasks of the same typebetween redundant instances of network services applications, it will beunderstood that other types of routing or forwarding protocols may alsobe used to distribute the network tasks. Examples of other routing orforwarding protocols that may be used to distribute the network tasksamount redundant instances of network services applications include, butare not limited to, link aggregation control protocol (LACP) andOpenFlow.

Referring next to FIG. 18, a block diagram of an example networkservices module 135-v running a controller application 205-i is shown.The network services module 135-v may be implemented by one or morecommodity servers 130 or other processors. The network services module135-v may be an example of one or more of the network services modules135 described above with reference to the previous Figures. Thecontroller application 205-i may be an example of one or more of thecontroller applications 205 described above with reference to theprevious Figures.

To provide redundancy of network services to restricted networks, thecontroller application 205-i of the present example may include at leasta network service redundancy module 1805 and a network service taskdistribution module 1810. Of course, the controller application 205-imay also implement other functionality and features according to theprinciples of the present specification. For the sake of clarity,however, the present example of FIG. 18 focuses on certain basicfeatures of the controller application 205-i with respect to theprovision of redundant network services.

The network service redundancy module 1805 may manage and track theprovision of network services to a client network associated with afirst network fabric by a self-contained network services systemcontaining a number of network services modules running redundantinstances of a network service application. As discussed above, theself-contained network services system may be associated with a secondnetwork fabric that is separate from the first network fabric.

The network service task distribution module 1810 may adapt the secondnetwork fabric to distribute network service tasks received from theclient network and associated with the network service application amongthe redundant instances of the network service application. In certainexamples, the network service task distribution module 1810 may updatethe configuration of the second network fabric in response to a changein the redundancy of network services provided by the self-containednetwork services module. Additionally or alternatively, the networkservice task distribution module 1810 may update the configuration ofthe second network fabric in response to an instruction from anadministrator (e.g., over a command line interface, API, or GUI).

In certain examples, the second network fabric may include a routerconfigured to route traffic between the first network fabric and thesecond network fabric, where the router is situated at a point of entryto the self-contained network services system. In such examples, thesecond network fabric may be adapted to distribute the network servicetasks among the redundant instances of the network service applicationby programming the router to implement a routing or forwarding policy toaccomplish the distribution (e.g., using repurposed ECMP as discussedabove). In certain examples, network tasks of the same type may betransmitted from the first network fabric to the second network fabricusing a common network address associated with the network task type,and the router may distribute the received network tasks among redundantnetwork services application instances having different networkaddresses.

Referring next to FIG. 19, a flowchart is shown of an illustrativemethod 1900 of managing network services. The method 1900 may beperformed, for example, by one or more of the network service modules135, the network services operating system 365, the routers 120,switches 125, or other computing devices described above with referenceto the previous Figures. The self-contained network services system maybe an example of the self-contained network services system 145described above with reference to the previous Figures.

At block 1905, network services may be provided for a client networkassociated with a first network fabric at a self-contained networkservices system. The self-contained network services system mayimplement a number of redundant instances of a network serviceapplication. The self-contained network services system may beassociated with a second network fabric that is administrativelyindependent from the first network fabric.

At block 1910, the second network fabric may be adapted to distributenetwork service tasks received from the client network which areassociated with the network service application among the redundantinstances of the network service application.

Referring next to FIG. 20, a flowchart is shown of an illustrativemethod 2000 of managing network services. The method 2000 may beperformed, for example, by one or more of the network service modules135, the network services operating system 365, the routers 120,switches 125, or other computing devices described above with referenceto the previous Figures. The self-contained network services system maybe an example of the self-contained network services system 145described above with reference to the previous Figures.

At block 2005, a self-contained network services system may be provided.The self-contained network services system may implement a number ofredundant instances of a network service application to provide networkservices to a client network having a first network fabric. At block2010, a router may be provided at a point of entry to a second networkfabric contained within the self-contained network services system. Atblock 2015, equal cost multi-path (ECMP) routing may be enabled at therouter within the second network fabric. At block 2020, network servicetasks received from the client network which are associated with thenetwork service application may be distributed among the redundantinstances of the network service application. This distribution mayoccur at the router using the ECMP routing according to the principlesdescribed herein.

Referring next to FIG. 21, a block diagram of another example of aself-contained network services system 145-h is shown. Theself-contained network services system 145-h of FIG. 15 may be anexample of one or more of the self-contained network services system 145described above with respect to the previous Figures.

Multiple racks 1110 may implement various aspects of the self-containednetwork services system 145-h of FIG. 21. For example, a first rack1110-i may include a number of network service modules (e.g., networkservices modules 135 implemented by servers 130 as described herein)that separately implement a first instance of a controller application205, a first instance of a command line interface 1305, a first instanceof a health monitor application 1310, and a number of instances of aload balancing application 215. The second rack 1110-j may include anumber of network services modules (e.g., network services modules 135implemented by servers 130 as described herein) that separatelyimplement a second instance of the controller application 205, a secondinstance of the command line interface 1305, a second instance of thehealth monitor application 1310, a number of instances of a securityapplication 225, and a number of instances of a firewall application210. However, it should be understood that the applications implementedin the second rack 1110-j need not replicate the applicationsimplemented in the first rack 1110-j. In certain examples, each rack1110 may implement a separate set of applications.

The controller application 205, the load balancing application 215, thesecurity application 225, and the firewall application 210 may beexamples of the controller application 205, the security application225, and the firewall application 210, respectively, and/or the networkservice applications 370 described above with reference to the previousFigures. The command line interface 1305 and the health monitorapplication 1310 may be examples of the command line interface 1305 andthe health monitor application 1310, respectively, and/or the networkservice applications 370 described above with reference to the previousFigures.

The racks 1110 may be interconnected through a number of routers 120-c.The routers 120-c may include one or more dedicated routers (e.g.,router 120-a of FIG. 7) associated with a network fabric (e.g., thenetwork fabric 705-b of FIG. 7) internal to the self-contained networkservices system 145-h that can distribute traffic to every networkservices module within the self-contained network services system 145-h.The routers 120-c may also include a number of routers within a clientnetwork fabric (e.g., the network fabric 705-a of FIG. 7).

The network service application instances of the racks 1110 maycommunicate with each other over a virtual chassis (e.g., a logicalbackplane) to coordinate functionality and access a shared systemdatabase 1105-h (e.g., the shared system database 1105 of the previousFigures) according to the principles described herein. Individualnetwork service modules or self-contained network services systems maydiscover existing self-contained network service systems through adiscovery mechanism such as a dedicated protocol or a repurposed routingprotocol. For example, Address Resolution Protocol may be used betweenthe separate instances of the controller application 205 to discovereach other by broadcasting ARP packets to a number of IP addressesassociated with network services. The network service module orself-contained network services system may then decide to join thevirtual-chassis of an existing self-contained network services moduleand may then communicate with each other to exchange information aboutthe network service applications implemented by each chassis and toestablish network paths between the various network service applicationinstances.

In other examples, multicast or other protocols and technologies may bedesigned or repurposed to discover nodes and configure the logicalbackplane.

Referring next to FIG. 22, a flowchart is shown of another example of amethod 2200 of managing a self-contained network services system. Themethod 2200 may be performed, for example, by one or more of the networkservice modules 135, the network services operating system 365, therouters 120, switches 125, or other computing devices described abovewith reference to the previous Figures. The self-contained networkservices system may be an example of the self-contained network servicessystem 145 described above with reference to the previous Figures.

At block 2205, a first instance of a controller application implementedon a network services module as part of a self-contained networkservices system on a first rack may use a repurposed routing protocol todiscover and identify over a network fabric a second instance of aself-contained network services module implemented on a second rack. Incertain examples, each self-contained network services module mayimplement a single virtual chassis. Also, there may be more than onecontroller application for each self-contained network services systemto provide redundancy.

At block 2210, a first instance of the controller application containedin the first self-contained network services system may communicate witha second instance of the controller application contained in the secondself-contained network services system to implement a unified virtualchassis to logically merge the disparate sets of network servicesmodules together. The virtual chassis may enable communication for thenewly joined self-contained network services system containing thenetwork services modules of both the first self-contained networkservices module and the second self-contained network services modules.In certain examples, the discovery mechanism between the self-containednetwork services modules is different from the configuration andcommunication protocol.

At block 2215, network services data may be transmitted between thenetwork services modules in the first and second racks using the unifiedvirtual-chassis. In additional or alternate examples, network servicesmodules from racks or chassis not running a local controller applicationmay discover existing controller applications running on other networkservices modules. In this way, a network services module can join anexisting backplane without needing to run a local instance of thecontroller application.

Referring next to FIG. 23, a flowchart is shown of another example of amethod 2300 of managing a self-contained network services system. Themethod 2300 may be performed, for example, by one or more of the networkservice modules 135, the network services operating system 365, therouters 120, switches 125, or other computing devices described abovewith reference to the previous Figures. The self-contained networkservices system may be an example of the self-contained network servicessystem 145 described above with reference to the previous Figures.

At block 2305, a plurality of network services modules may be configuredto separately execute network service application instances to implementa dynamically configurable self-contained network services system. Atblock 2310, a virtual-chassis may be formed as a communicationsbackplane between multiple network services modules may be establishedover a network fabric. At block 2315, a router within the self-containednetwork services system may be configured to distribute network servicestasks for a network service application among redundant instances ofthat network service application in the self-contained network servicessystem. At block 2320, each network service application instance may beprovided with access to a shared database, and at block 2325, thenetwork service application instances may be allowed to exchange updatedstate information with each other through mutual access to the shareddatabase.

At block 2330, a fault may be identified in one of the network serviceapplication instances based on the state information for that instancestored in the shared database. At block 2335, the faulty network serviceapplication instance may be dynamically repaired. At block 2340, arequest for a change in network services provided by the self-containednetwork services system may be received. At block 2345, a new softwareconfiguration for a number of the network services modules may bedetermined based on the received request. At block 2350, the networkservices modules may be dynamically configured according to thedetermined new software configuration to implement the requested change.

A device structure 2400 that may be used for one or more components ofserver 130, network services module 135, self-contained network servicessystem 145, routers 120, switches 125, or for other computing devicesdescribed herein, is illustrated with the schematic diagram of FIG. 24.

This drawing broadly illustrates how individual system elements of eachof the aforementioned devices may be implemented, whether in a separatedor more integrated manner. Thus, any or all of the various components ofone of the aforementioned devices may be combined in a single unit orseparately maintained and can further be distributed in multiplegroupings or physical units or across multiple locations. The examplestructure shown is made up of hardware elements that are electricallycoupled via bus 2405, including processor(s) 2410 (which may furthercomprise a digital signal processor (DSP) or special-purpose processor),storage device(s) 2415, input device(s) 2420, and output device(s) 2425.The storage device(s) 2415 may be a machine-readable storage mediareader connected to any machine-readable storage medium, the combinationcomprehensively representing remote, local, fixed, or removable storagedevices or storage media for temporarily or more permanently containingcomputer-readable information.

The communications system(s) interface 2445 may interface to a wired,wireless, or other type of interfacing connection that permits data tobe exchanged with other devices. The communications system(s) interface2445 may permit data to be exchanged with a network. In certainexamples, the communications system(s) interface 2445 may include aswitch application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) for a networkswitch or router. In additional or alternative examples, thecommunication systems interface 2445 may include network interface cardsand other circuitry or physical media configured to interface with anetwork.

The structure 2400 may also include additional software elements, shownas being currently located within working memory 2430, including anoperating system 2435 and other code 2440, such as programs orapplications designed to implement methods of the invention. It will beapparent to those skilled in the art that substantial variations may beused in accordance with specific requirements. For example, customizedhardware might also be used, or particular elements might be implementedin hardware, software (including portable software, such as applets), orboth.

It should be noted that the methods, systems and devices discussed aboveare intended merely to be examples. It must be stressed that variousembodiments may omit, substitute, or add various procedures orcomponents as appropriate. For instance, it should be appreciated that,in alternative embodiments, the methods may be performed in an orderdifferent from that described, and that various steps may be added,omitted or combined. Also, features described with respect to certainembodiments may be combined in various other embodiments. Differentaspects and elements of the embodiments may be combined in a similarmanner. Also, it should be emphasized that technology evolves and, thus,many of the elements are exemplary in nature and should not beinterpreted to limit the scope of the invention.

Specific details are given in the description to provide a thoroughunderstanding of the embodiments. However, it will be understood by oneof ordinary skill in the art that the embodiments may be practicedwithout these specific details. For example, well-known circuits,processes, algorithms, structures, and techniques have been shownwithout unnecessary detail in order to avoid obscuring the embodiments.

Also, it is noted that the embodiments may be described as a processwhich is depicted as a flow diagram or block diagram. Although each maydescribe the operations as a sequential process, many of the operationscan be performed in parallel or concurrently. In addition, the order ofthe operations may be rearranged. A process may have additional stepsnot included in the figure.

Moreover, as disclosed herein, the term “memory” or “memory unit” mayrepresent one or more devices for storing data, including read-onlymemory (ROM), random access memory (RAM), magnetic RAM, core memory,magnetic disk storage mediums, optical storage mediums, flash memorydevices or other computer-readable mediums for storing information. Theterm “computer-readable medium” includes, but is not limited to,portable or fixed storage devices, optical storage devices, wirelesschannels, a SIM card, other smart cards, and various other mediumscapable of storing, containing or carrying instructions or data.

Furthermore, embodiments may be implemented by hardware, software,firmware, middleware, microcode, hardware description languages, or anycombination thereof. When implemented in software, firmware, middlewareor microcode, the program code or code segments to perform the necessarytasks may be stored in a computer-readable medium such as a storagemedium. Processors may perform the necessary tasks.

Having described several embodiments, it will be recognized by those ofskill in the art that various modifications, alternative constructions,and equivalents may be used without departing from the spirit of theinvention. For example, the above elements may merely be a component ofa larger system, wherein other rules may take precedence over orotherwise modify the application of the invention. Also, a number ofsteps may be undertaken before, during, or after the above elements areconsidered. Accordingly, the above description should not be taken aslimiting the scope of the invention.

What is claimed is:
 1. A method of managing network services, executableby one or more traffic management devices with at least one processorexecuting the method, the method comprising: providing network servicesto a client network comprising a network fabric at a self-containednetwork services system using a number of redundant instances of anetwork service application, the self-contained network services systemcomprising a policy-based forwarding device; and reconfiguring thepolicy-based forwarding device of the self-contained network servicessystem in response to a change in the redundant instances of the networkservice application to adapt a distribution of network service tasksreceived from the client network among the redundant instances of thenetwork service application.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein thepolicy-based forwarding device comprises a router, the method furthercomprising: routing, by the router, traffic between the network fabricof the client network and the self-contained network services system ata point of entry to the self-contained network services system; whereinreconfiguring the policy-based forwarding device of the self-containednetwork services system comprises programming the router at the point ofentry to distribute the network service tasks received from the clientnetwork among the redundant instances of the network serviceapplication.
 3. The method of claim 2, wherein the router is outside anadministrative control of the network fabric of the client network. 4.The method of claim 2, further comprising: repurposing a routingprotocol at the router to distribute the network service tasks among theredundant instances of the network service application.
 5. The method ofclaim 4, wherein the repurposed routing protocol comprises one or moreof: Equal Cost Multi-Path (ECMP) routing protocol, link aggregationcontrol protocol (LACP), or OpenFlow.
 6. The method of claim 4, whereinthe network service application comprises a common network address froma perspective of the network fabric of the client network.
 7. The methodof claim 6, wherein the redundant instances of the network serviceapplication comprise different network addresses from a perspective ofthe router.
 8. The method of claim 7, further comprising: programmingthe router to receive the network service tasks addressed to the commonnetwork address from the network fabric of the client network anddistribute the received network service tasks among the differentnetwork addresses of the redundant instances of the network serviceapplication.
 9. The method of claim 8, further comprising: programmingthe router to treat the different network addresses of the redundantinstances of the network service application as equally viable next hopsin a network path to the common network address associated with thenetwork service application.
 10. The method of claim 2, furthercomprising: using a hash-based distribution to divide the networkservice tasks among the redundant instances of the network serviceapplication.
 11. A self-contained network services system, comprising: aplurality of network service modules configured to implement a number ofredundant instances of a network service application associated withproviding network services to a client network comprising a networkfabric; and a policy-based forwarding device communicatively coupledwith the network fabric of the client network; wherein at least one ofthe network service modules comprises a network reconfiguration moduleconfigured to reconfigure the policy-based forwarding device in responseto a change in the redundant instances of the network serviceapplication to adapt a distribution of network service tasks receivedfrom the client network among the redundant instances of the networkservice application.
 12. The self-contained network services system ofclaim 11, wherein the policy-based forwarding device comprises a routerat a point of entry to the self-contained network services system, therouter configured to route traffic between the network fabric of theclient network and the self-contained network services system; andwherein the network reconfiguration module is further configured toprogram the router at the point of entry to distribute the networkservice tasks received from the client network among the redundantinstances of the network service application.
 13. The self-containednetwork services system of claim 12, wherein the router at the point ofentry to the self-contained network services system is outside anadministrative control of the network fabric.
 14. The self-containednetwork services system of claim 12, wherein the network reconfigurationmodule is further configured to: repurpose a routing protocol at therouter to distribute the network service tasks among the redundantinstances of the network service application.
 15. The self-containednetwork services system of claim 14, wherein the repurposed routingprotocol comprises one or more of: Equal Cost Multi-Path (ECMP) routingprotocol, link aggregation control protocol (LACP), or OpenFlow.
 16. Theself-contained network services system of claim 14, wherein the networkservice application comprises a common network address from aperspective of the network fabric of the client network.
 17. Theself-contained network services system of claim 16, wherein theredundant instances of the network service application comprisedifferent network addresses from a perspective of the router.
 18. Theself-contained network services system of claim 17, wherein the routeris further configured to: receive the network service tasks addressed tothe common network address from the network fabric of the clientnetwork; and distribute the received network service tasks among thedifferent network addresses of the redundant instances of the networkservice application.
 19. The self-contained network services system ofclaim 18, wherein the router is further configured to: treat thedifferent network addresses of the redundant instances of the networkservice application as equally viable next hops in a network path to thecommon network address associated with the network service application.20. A non-transitory computer readable storage device comprising aplurality of stored programmed instructions, the stored programmedinstructions comprising: computer-readable instructions configured tocause at least one processor to provide network services to a clientnetwork comprising a network fabric at a self-contained network servicessystem using a number of redundant instances of a network serviceapplication, the self-contained network services system comprising asecond network fabric; and computer-readable instructions configured tocause the at least one processor to adapt the second network fabric todistribute network service tasks received from the client network whichare associated with the network service application among the redundantinstances of the network service application.